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Why can identical campaigns land in inbox for some users and spam for others?

The same message lands differently because placement is personalized:

User A has opened previous messages, clicked links, and replied. Gmail predicts they want this sender's mail. Inbox.

User B has ignored every previous message, let them pile up unread, and marked one as spam six months ago. Gmail predicts they do not want this. Spam.

Identical content, identical sender, different placement. User-level engagement history creates divergent outcomes.

The same ship delivers to two ports. One welcomes them warmly based on past trade. The other remembers a bad experience and sends them to quarantine.