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What is the difference between email transport and email storage?

Email transport refers to how messages move between servers using SMTP. Email storage refers to how messages are kept on the server and accessed by clients using IMAP or POP3.

Transport is the journey; storage is the destination.

Think of it as the difference between the voyage across the ocean (transport) and the warehouse where cargo rests until the captain retrieves it (storage). One moves the mail, the other holds it safely until needed.